<html><head><style>body{font-family:Helvetica,Arial;font-size:13px}</style></head><body style="word-wrap:break-word">I don’t know if this feature has yet existed in any languague, but its pretty simple.<div><br></div><div>Let say you are preparing data for a JSON encoder. Right now, you would add to an Dictionary or Array like this one:</div><div><br></div><div>let data = [String:Any]();</div><div><br></div><div>but what one is really saying is that “Any” is from a number of distinct types:</div><div><br></div><div>group typedef JSONValueType : String, Double, Int, [String:JSONValueType], [JSONValueType], Bool</div><div><br></div><div>So from the compiler’s point of view, this group typedef would be just like the “Any” type, only it would refuse to compile unless the proper type was passed. So the result would be, as an example, that there could be created an (almost) fail-safe JSON encoder:</div><div><br></div><div>let data = [String:JSONValueType]();</div><div>data[“key] = “value”;</div><div><br></div><div>I’m sure this has plenty of uses outside of JSON encoding and would be pretty simple to do. One problem that it would solve it the fact that in Swift, everything is included by Any, including optionals, ex:</div><div><br></div><div><p style="margin:0px;font-size:11px;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo"><span style="font-variant-ligatures:no-common-ligatures;color:#ba2da2">let</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures:no-common-ligatures"> b : </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures:no-common-ligatures;color:#703daa">String</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures:no-common-ligatures">? = </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures:no-common-ligatures;color:#ba2da2">nil</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures:no-common-ligatures">;</span></p>
<p style="margin:0px;font-size:11px;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo"><span style="font-variant-ligatures:no-common-ligatures;color:#ba2da2">let</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures:no-common-ligatures"> a : </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures:no-common-ligatures;color:#ba2da2">Any</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures:no-common-ligatures"> = b; // result is warning: “Expression implicitly coerced from String? to Any"</span></p></div><div><br></div><div>and so there is no way to include value types and objects without also including optionals, though this “Any” (like Object and void* in Java/C) syntax makes for poorly documented code when the type isn’t really “Any”, but a collection of known types.</div><div><br></div><div>There already exist protocols, but they are not useful for types that one has not defined (like the basic system types), or for mixing particular values, structs, and classes.</div></body></html>