<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><br class=""><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Feb 22, 2017, at 12:21 PM, Huon Wilson <<a href="mailto:huon@apple.com" class="">huon@apple.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><br class=""><div class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Feb 22, 2017, at 10:20, David Sweeris via swift-evolution <<a href="mailto:swift-evolution@swift.org" class="">swift-evolution@swift.org</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">What if we extended that to any type that’s ExpressibleByNilLiteral & Equatable?</span></div></blockquote></div><br class=""><div class="">Note that this is not how the Unsafe*Pointer optimization works: in that case, the type Unsafe*Pointer is not ExpressibleByNilLiteral, it just has some spare/guaranteed-to-be-unused sentinel values in its representation, that the compiler knows about. This also works for types like `enum X { case A, B }`: an optional like X? (and X??, all the way up to 254 ?’s) is also represented as a single byte, because there’s spare values that the compiler knows won't be used by valid instances of X.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Converting valid instances to .none would break round-tripping: Optional(x)! would sometimes fail, if x was the sentinel value. This seems likely to cause generic code to stop working.</div></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>Oh, hey, yeah, good point! I should’ve thought about that bit more first. Would a `HasInvalidBitPattern` protocol work? </div><div><div style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal;" class=""><div style="font-family: Menlo; margin: 0px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #bb2ca2" class="">protocol</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> HasInvalidBitPattern {</span></div><div style="font-family: Menlo; margin: 0px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 132, 0);" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #000000" class=""> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">/// An unreachable bit pattern. Very Bad Things are very likely to happen if this represents a valid value.</span></div><div style="font-family: Menlo; margin: 0px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #bb2ca2" class="">static</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #bb2ca2" class="">var</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> invalidBitPattern: </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #4f8187" class="">Self</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> {</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #bb2ca2" class="">get</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">}</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 132, 0); font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;" class="">// probably use some private init to create this, or some other mechanism that doesn’t get exposed to the client</span></div><div style="font-family: Menlo; margin: 0px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">}</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;" class="">Then, the special-case Optional definition would be:</span></div><div class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px; line-height: normal;" class=""><font face="Menlo" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #bb2ca2" class="">enum</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> Optional<T> : </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">ExpressibleByNilLiteral</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #bb2ca2" class="">where</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> T: HasInvalidBitPattern & Equatable {</span></font></div><div style="font-family: Menlo; margin: 0px; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 132, 0);" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #000000" class=""> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #bb2ca2" class="">case</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #000000" class=""> some(</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #4f8187" class="">T</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #000000" class="">)</span></div><div style="font-family: Menlo; margin: 0px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #bb2ca2" class="">init</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">(</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #bb2ca2" class="">_</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> value: </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #4f8187" class="">T</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">) { </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #bb2ca2" class="">self</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> = .</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #31595d" class="">some</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">(value) }</span></div><div style="font-family: Menlo; margin: 0px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #bb2ca2" class="">init</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">(nilLiteral: ()) { </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #bb2ca2" class="">self</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> = .</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #31595d" class="">some</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">(</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #4f8187" class="">T</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">.</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #4f8187" class="">invalidBitPattern</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">) }</span></div><div style="font-family: Menlo; margin: 0px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="color: rgb(0, 132, 0); font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;" class=""> </span><span style="color: rgb(187, 44, 162); font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;" class="">var</span><span style="color: rgb(0, 132, 0); font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;" class=""> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: rgb(187, 44, 162);" class="">case</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;" class=""> </span>none: (matches: <span style="color: rgb(112, 61, 170); font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;" class="">Bool</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;" class="">, associatedValue: </span><span style="color: rgb(112, 61, 170); font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;" class="">Void</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures;" class="">) {</span></div><div style="font-family: Menlo; margin: 0px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #bb2ca2" class="">switch</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #bb2ca2" class="">self</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> {</span></div><div style="font-family: Menlo; margin: 0px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #bb2ca2" class="">case</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> .</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #31595d" class="">some</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">(let value): </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #bb2ca2" class="">return</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> (value </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #3d1d81" class="">==</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #4f8187" class="">T</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">.</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #4f8187" class="">invalidBitPattern</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">, ())</span></div><div style="font-family: Menlo; margin: 0px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> }</span></div><div style="font-family: Menlo; margin: 0px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> }</span></div><div style="font-family: Menlo; margin: 0px; line-height: normal;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">}</span></div><div style="font-family: Menlo;" class=""><br class=""></div></span></div></div></div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="">Example program for the enum optimization:</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">enum</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> X {</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">case</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> A, B</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">}</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo; min-height: 13px;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">typealias</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> O2<T> = </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">T</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">??</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">typealias</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> O4<T> = </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O2</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O2</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">T</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">>></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">typealias</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> O8<T> = </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O4</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O4</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">T</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">>></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">typealias</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> O16<T> = </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O8</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O8</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">T</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">>></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">typealias</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> O32<T> = </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O16</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O16</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">T</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">>></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">typealias</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> O64<T> = </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O32</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O32</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">T</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">>></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">typealias</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> O128<T> = </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O64</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O64</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">T</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">>></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">typealias</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> O256<T> = </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O128</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O128</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">T</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">>></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo; min-height: 13px;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">typealias</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> O254<T> = </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O128</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O64</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O32</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O16</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O8</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O4</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O2</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">T</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">>>>>>>></span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">typealias</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> O255<T> = </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">O254</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""><</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">T</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">>?</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo; min-height: 13px;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">func</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> size<T>(</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">_</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">: </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">T</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">.Type) -> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">Int</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> {</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">return</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> MemoryLayout<</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">T</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">>.size</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">}</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo; min-height: 13px;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""></span><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">print(size(X.</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">self</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">), </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #008400" class="">// 1</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> size((X?).</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">self</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">), </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #008400" class="">// 1</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> size(O254<</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">X</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">>.</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">self</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">), </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #008400" class="">// 1</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> size(O255<</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">X</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">>.</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">self</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">), </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #008400" class="">// 2</span></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class=""> size(O256<</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #703daa" class="">X</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">>.</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #ba2da2" class="">self</span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures" class="">)) </span><span style="font-variant-ligatures: no-common-ligatures; color: #008400" class="">// 3</span></div></div><div style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;" class=""><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;" class="">(The last is 3 because the compiler currently essentially treats O255<X> like an opaque/all-values-valid 2-byte type, like Int16, and so adds an extra byte for the extra ?. It could theoretically be 2 if the unused values in the extra byte in O255<X> are reused.)</div></div></div></blockquote></div><br class=""><div class="">That’s quite interesting, thanks!</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">- Dave Sweeris</div></body></html>