<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><br class=""><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Feb 20, 2017, at 1:04 PM, Matthew Johnson <<a href="mailto:matthew@anandabits.com" class="">matthew@anandabits.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><blockquote type="cite" class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div class=""><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">On Feb 20, 2017, at 2:38 PM, Joe Groff <<a href="mailto:jgroff@apple.com" class="">jgroff@apple.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">On Feb 20, 2017, at 7:32 AM, Matthew Johnson via swift-evolution <<a href="mailto:swift-evolution@swift.org" class="">swift-evolution@swift.org</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">On Feb 20, 2017, at 12:40 AM, Niels Andriesse via swift-evolution <<a href="mailto:swift-evolution@swift.org" class="">swift-evolution@swift.org</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div dir="ltr" class=""><div class="">I'd like to discuss the possibility of treating the cases of a given enum as if they are subtypes of that enum. This seems like a natural thing to do because enum cases (especially when they have associated values) effectively define a closed set of subtypes.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Doing so would allow for constructions such as the following:</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class="">enum Foo {</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""><span class="" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>case a(name: String)</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class="">}</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""><br class=""></font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class="">func isA(foo: Foo) -> Bool {</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> // The old way:</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> if case .a = foo { return true }</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> return false</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> // The new way:</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> return foo is .a</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class="">}</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""><br class=""></font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class="">func printNameIfFooIsA(foo: Foo) -> Bool {</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> // The old way:</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> if case let .a(name) = foo {</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> print(name)</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> }</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> // The new way (1):</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> if let a = foo as? .a {</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> print(<a href="http://a.name/" class="">a.name</a>)</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> }</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> // The new way (2):</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> if let name = (foo as? .a)?.name {</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> print(name)</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class=""> }</font></span></div><div class=""><span class="" style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><font face="monospace, monospace" class="">}</font></span></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Treating an enum's cases as its subtypes would make enums easier to work with because handling them would be syntactically the same as handling other types.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">The pattern matching capabilities of enums wouldn't be affected by this proposal.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Multiple other proposals have already attempted to simplify enum handling (they have particularly focused on getting rid of "if case" and adding the ability to treat enum case tests as expressions), but none of the solutions presented in those proposals have worked out so far.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I believe that this could be the right solution to multiple enum-related problems that have been brought up repeatedly.</div></div></div></blockquote><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I would like to see enum cases treated as subtypes of the enum type. This is an interesting way to refer to the type of a case. Unfortunately I don’t think it will work if we accept the proposal to give cases a compound name. If we do that the name of this case becomes `a(name:)` which is not a valid type name.</div></div></div></blockquote><br class=""></div><div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">I think there are definitely places where having cases be a subtype of an enum make sense, but I don't think it makes sense for *all* cases to be subtypes. For example, with "biased" containers like Optional and Result, it makes sense for the "right" side to be a subtype and the "wrong" side to be explicitly constructed, IMO. If the types of cases overlap, it would also be *ambiguous* which case ought to be constructed when the payload is converted to the enum type</div></div></blockquote><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">Identical case types would definitely be a problem but I don’t think overlapping case types are always a problem. I imagine this conversion working the same as any other ordinary overload resolution for ad-hoc overloads.</div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>Conversions happen at runtime too. `0 as Any as? Either<Int, Int>` wouldn't have any way to tell what `Either` to form if both arms of the Either were subtype candidates. An Either<T, U> in <T, U> context can end up being bound to Either<Int, Int> at runtime and interacting with runtime casts that way.</div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><blockquote type="cite" class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div class=""><div class="" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;">—remember that enums are sums, not unions, and that's important for composability and uniform behavior with generics.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></div></div></blockquote><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">I’ve always thought of enums as nominal discriminated unions. Maybe I’m using the wrong terminology. Can you elaborate on the difference between sums and unions? When you say union are you talking about the kind of thing some people have brought up in the past where any members in common are automatically made available on the union type?</div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>Sums maintain structure whereas unions collapse it. As a sum, Optional<T> maintains its shape even when T = Optional<U>. If it were a union, T u Nil u Nil would collapse to T u Nil, losing the distinction between the inner and outer nil and leading to problems in APIs that use the outer nil to communicate meaning about some outer structure, such as asking for the `first` element of a collection of Optionals.</div><br class=""></div>-Joe</body></html>