<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=us-ascii"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Hello mailing-list,<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I rewrote the draft proposal concerning the class and subclass existentials. Please let me know what you think, especially concerning the class and AnyObject conundrum.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Regards,</div><div class="">David.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><a href="https://github.com/hartbit/swift-evolution/blob/e6411d8a9e7924bbd8a48fc292bf08d58a8d1199/proposals/XXXX-subclass-existentials.md" class="">https://github.com/hartbit/swift-evolution/blob/e6411d8a9e7924bbd8a48fc292bf08d58a8d1199/proposals/XXXX-subclass-existentials.md</a></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.25; padding-bottom: 0.3em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px !important;" class="">Class and Subtype existentials</h1><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><li style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">Proposal: <a href="https://github.com/hartbit/swift-evolution/blob/e6411d8a9e7924bbd8a48fc292bf08d58a8d1199/proposals/XXXX-subclass-existentials.md" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none;" class="">SE-XXXX</a></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.25em;" class="">Authors: <a href="http://github.com/hartbit/" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none;" class="">David Hart</a>, <a href="http://github.com/austinzheng" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none;" class="">Austin Zheng</a></li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.25em;" class="">Review Manager: TBD</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.25em;" class="">Status: TBD</li></ul><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 16px; line-height: 1.25; padding-bottom: 0.3em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a id="user-content-introduction" class="anchor" href="https://github.com/hartbit/swift-evolution/blob/e6411d8a9e7924bbd8a48fc292bf08d58a8d1199/proposals/XXXX-subclass-existentials.md#introduction" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none; float: left; padding-right: 4px; margin-left: -20px; line-height: 1;"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Introduction</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">This proposal brings more expressive power to the type system by allowing Swift to represent existentials of classes and subtypes which conform to protocols.</p><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 16px; line-height: 1.25; padding-bottom: 0.3em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a id="user-content-motivation" class="anchor" href="https://github.com/hartbit/swift-evolution/blob/e6411d8a9e7924bbd8a48fc292bf08d58a8d1199/proposals/XXXX-subclass-existentials.md#motivation" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none; float: left; padding-right: 4px; margin-left: -20px; line-height: 1;"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Motivation</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Currently, the only existentials which can be represented in Swift are conformances to a set of protocols, using the <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">&</code>protocol composition syntax:</p><div class="highlight highlight-source-swift" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.45; word-wrap: normal; padding: 16px; overflow: auto; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; word-break: normal;" class="">Protocol1 <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> Protocol2</pre></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">On the other hand, Objective-C is capable of expressing existentials of classes and subclasses conforming to protocols with the following syntax:</p><div class="highlight highlight-source-objc" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.45; word-wrap: normal; padding: 16px; overflow: auto; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; word-break: normal;" class=""><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">id</span><Protocol1, Protocol2>
Base<Protocol>*</pre></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">We propose to provide similar expressive power to Swift, which will also improve the bridging of those types from Objective-C.</p><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 16px; line-height: 1.25; padding-bottom: 0.3em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a id="user-content-proposed-solution" class="anchor" href="https://github.com/hartbit/swift-evolution/blob/e6411d8a9e7924bbd8a48fc292bf08d58a8d1199/proposals/XXXX-subclass-existentials.md#proposed-solution" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none; float: left; padding-right: 4px; margin-left: -20px; line-height: 1;"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Proposed solution</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">The proposal keeps the existing <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">&</code> syntax but allows the first element, and only the first, to be either the <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">class</code> keyword or of class type. The equivalent to the above Objective-C types would look like this:</p><div class="highlight highlight-source-swift" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.45; word-wrap: normal; padding: 16px; overflow: auto; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; word-break: normal;" class=""><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">class</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> Protocol1 <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> Protocol2
<span class="pl-c1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 134, 179);">Base</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> Protocol</pre></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">As in Objective-C, the first line is an existential of classes which conform to <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">Protocol1</code> and <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">Protocol2</code>, and the second line is an existential of subtypes of <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">Base</code> which conform to <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">Protocol</code>.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Here are the new proposed rules for what is valid in a existential conjunction syntax:</p><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 16px; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a id="user-content-1-the-first-element-in-the-protocol-composition-syntax-can-be-the-class-keyword-to-enforce-a-class-constraint" class="anchor" href="https://github.com/hartbit/swift-evolution/blob/e6411d8a9e7924bbd8a48fc292bf08d58a8d1199/proposals/XXXX-subclass-existentials.md#1-the-first-element-in-the-protocol-composition-syntax-can-be-the-class-keyword-to-enforce-a-class-constraint" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none; float: left; padding-right: 4px; margin-left: -20px; line-height: 1;"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>1. The first element in the protocol composition syntax can be the <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">class</code> keyword to enforce a class constraint:</h3><div class="highlight highlight-source-swift" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.45; word-wrap: normal; padding: 16px; overflow: auto; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; word-break: normal;" class=""><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">protocol</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">P</span> {}
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">struct</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">S</span> : <span class="pl-e" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">P </span>{}
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">class</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">C</span> : <span class="pl-e" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">P </span>{}
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">let</span> t<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">:</span> P <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">class</span> <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> Compiler error: class requirement must be in first position</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"></span><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">let</span> u<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">:</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">class</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> <span class="pl-c1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 134, 179);">S</span>() <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> Compiler error: S is not of class type</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"></span><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">let</span> v<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">:</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">class</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> <span class="pl-c1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 134, 179);">C</span>() <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> Compiles successfully</span></pre></div><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 16px; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a id="user-content-2-the-first-element-in-the-protocol-composition-syntax-can-be-a-class-type-to-enforce-the-existential-to-be-a-subtype-of-the-class" class="anchor" href="https://github.com/hartbit/swift-evolution/blob/e6411d8a9e7924bbd8a48fc292bf08d58a8d1199/proposals/XXXX-subclass-existentials.md#2-the-first-element-in-the-protocol-composition-syntax-can-be-a-class-type-to-enforce-the-existential-to-be-a-subtype-of-the-class" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none; float: left; padding-right: 4px; margin-left: -20px; line-height: 1;"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>2. The first element in the protocol composition syntax can be a class type to enforce the existential to be a subtype of the class:</h3><div class="highlight highlight-source-swift" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.45; word-wrap: normal; padding: 16px; overflow: auto; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; word-break: normal;" class=""><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">protocol</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">P</span> {}
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">struct</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">S</span> {}
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">class</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">C</span> {}
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">class</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">D</span> : <span class="pl-e" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">P </span>{}
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">class</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">E</span> : <span class="pl-e" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">C</span>, <span class="pl-e" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">P </span>{}
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">let</span> t<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">:</span> P <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> C <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> Compiler error: subclass contraint must be in first position</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"></span><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">let</span> u<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">:</span> S <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> Compiler error: S is not of class type</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"></span><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">let</span> v<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">:</span> C <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> <span class="pl-c1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 134, 179);">D</span>() <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> Compiler error: D is not a subtype of C</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"></span><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">let</span> w<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">:</span> C <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> <span class="pl-c1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 134, 179);">E</span>() <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> Compiles successfully</span></pre></div><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 16px; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a id="user-content-3-when-a-protocol-composition-type-contains-a-typealias-the-validity-of-the-type-is-determined-using-the-following-steps" class="anchor" href="https://github.com/hartbit/swift-evolution/blob/e6411d8a9e7924bbd8a48fc292bf08d58a8d1199/proposals/XXXX-subclass-existentials.md#3-when-a-protocol-composition-type-contains-a-typealias-the-validity-of-the-type-is-determined-using-the-following-steps" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none; float: left; padding-right: 4px; margin-left: -20px; line-height: 1;"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>3. When a protocol composition type contains a typealias, the validity of the type is determined using the following steps:</h3><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><li style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">Expand the typealias</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.25em;" class="">Normalize the type by removing duplicate constraints and replacing less specific constraints by more specific constraints (a <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">class</code> constraint is less specific than a class type constraint, which is less specific than a constraint of a subclass of that class).</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.25em;" class="">Check that the type does not contain two class-type constraints</li></ul><div class="highlight highlight-source-swift" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.45; word-wrap: normal; padding: 16px; overflow: auto; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; word-break: normal;" class=""><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">class</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">C</span> {}
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">class</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">D</span> : <span class="pl-e" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">C </span>{}
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">class</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">E</span> {}
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">protocol</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">P1</span> {}
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">protocol</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">P2</span> {}
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA1</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> class <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P1
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA2</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> class <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P2
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA3</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> C <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P2
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA4</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> D <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P2
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA5</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> E <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P2
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA5</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> TA1 <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> TA2
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA5</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> class <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P1 <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> class <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P2 <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> Expansion</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"></span><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA5</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> class <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P1 <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P2 <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> Normalization</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> TA5 is valid</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"></span>
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA6</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> TA1 <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> TA3
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA6</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> class <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P1 <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> C <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P2 <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> Expansion</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"></span><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA6</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> C <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P1 <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P2 <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> Normalization (class < C)</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> TA6 is valid</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"></span>
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA7</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> TA3 <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> TA4
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA7</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> C <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P2 <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> D <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P2 <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> Expansion</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"></span><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA7</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> D <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P2 <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> Normalization (C < D)</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> TA7 is valid</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"></span>
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA8</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> TA4 <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> TA5
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA8</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> D <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P2 <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> E <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P2 <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> Expansion</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"></span><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">typealias</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">TA8</span> <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">=</span> D <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> E <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> P2 <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> Normalization</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);"><span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box;">//</span> TA8 is invalid because the D and E constraints are incompatible</span></pre></div><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 16px; line-height: 1.25; padding-bottom: 0.3em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a id="user-content-class-and-anyobject" class="anchor" href="https://github.com/hartbit/swift-evolution/blob/e6411d8a9e7924bbd8a48fc292bf08d58a8d1199/proposals/XXXX-subclass-existentials.md#class-and-anyobject" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none; float: left; padding-right: 4px; margin-left: -20px; line-height: 1;"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a><code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">class</code> and <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: inherit; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">AnyObject</code></h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">This proposal merges the concepts of <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">class</code> and <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">AnyObject</code>, which now have the same meaning: they represent an existential for classes. They are four solutions to this dilemna:</p><ol style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><li style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">Do nothing.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.25em;" class="">Replace all uses of <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">AnyObject</code> by <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">class</code>, breaking source compatibility.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.25em;" class="">Replace all uses of <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">class</code> by <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">AnyObject</code>, breaking source compatibility.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.25em;" class="">Redefine <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">AnyObject</code> as <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">typealias AnyObject = class</code>.</li></ol><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 16px; line-height: 1.25; padding-bottom: 0.3em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a id="user-content-source-compatibility" class="anchor" href="https://github.com/hartbit/swift-evolution/blob/e6411d8a9e7924bbd8a48fc292bf08d58a8d1199/proposals/XXXX-subclass-existentials.md#source-compatibility" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none; float: left; padding-right: 4px; margin-left: -20px; line-height: 1;"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Source compatibility</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Leaving aside what is decided concerning <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">class</code> and <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">AnyObject</code>, this change will not break Swift 3 compability mode because Objective-C types will continue to be imported as before. But in Swift 4 mode, all types bridged from Objective-C which use the equivalent Objective-C existential syntax could break code which does not meet the new protocol requirements. For example, the following Objective-C code:</p><div class="highlight highlight-source-objc" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.45; word-wrap: normal; padding: 16px; overflow: auto; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; word-break: normal;" class=""><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">@interface</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">MyViewController</span>
- (<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">void</span>)<span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">setup</span><span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">:</span>(nonnull UIViewController<UITableViewDataSource,UITableViewDelegate>*)<span class="pl-smi" style="box-sizing: border-box;">tableViewController</span>;
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">@end</span></pre></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">is imported into Swift-3 mode as:</p><div class="highlight highlight-source-swift" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.45; word-wrap: normal; padding: 16px; overflow: auto; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; word-break: normal;" class=""><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">class</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">MyViewController</span> {
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">func</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">setup</span>(<span class="pl-smi" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">tableViewController</span></span>: UIViewController) {}
}</pre></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">which allows calling the function with an invalid parameter:</p><div class="highlight highlight-source-swift" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.45; word-wrap: normal; padding: 16px; overflow: auto; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; word-break: normal;" class=""><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">let</span> myViewController<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">:</span> <span class="pl-c1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 134, 179);">MyViewController</span>()
myViewController.<span class="pl-c1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 134, 179);">setup</span>(<span class="pl-c1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 134, 179);">UIViewController</span>())</pre></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">The previous code continues to compile but still crashs if the Objective-C code calls a method of <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">UITableViewDataSource</code> or <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">UITableViewDelegate</code>. But if this proposal is accepted and implemented as-is, the Objective-C code will be imported in Swift 4 mode as:</p><div class="highlight highlight-source-swift" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.45; word-wrap: normal; padding: 16px; overflow: auto; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; word-break: normal;" class=""><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">class</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">MyViewController</span> {
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">func</span> <span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">setup</span>(<span class="pl-smi" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="pl-en" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(121, 93, 163);">tableViewController</span></span>: UIViewController <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> UITableViewDataSource <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">&</span> UITableViewDelegate) {}
}</pre></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">That would then cause the Swift code run in version 4 mode to fail to compile with an error which states that <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">UIViewController</code> does not conform to the <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">UITableViewDataSource</code> and <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">UITableViewDelegate</code> protocols.</p><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 16px; line-height: 1.25; padding-bottom: 0.3em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a id="user-content-alternatives-considered" class="anchor" href="https://github.com/hartbit/swift-evolution/blob/e6411d8a9e7924bbd8a48fc292bf08d58a8d1199/proposals/XXXX-subclass-existentials.md#alternatives-considered" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none; float: left; padding-right: 4px; margin-left: -20px; line-height: 1;"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Alternatives considered</h2><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">None.</p><h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 16px; line-height: 1.25; padding-bottom: 0.3em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a id="user-content-acknowledgements" class="anchor" href="https://github.com/hartbit/swift-evolution/blob/e6411d8a9e7924bbd8a48fc292bf08d58a8d1199/proposals/XXXX-subclass-existentials.md#acknowledgements" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none; float: left; padding-right: 4px; margin-left: -20px; line-height: 1;"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Acknowledgements</h2><div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-bottom: 0px !important;" class="">Thanks to <a href="http://github.com/austinzheng" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none;" class="">Austin Zheng</a> and <a href="https://github.com/anandabits" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none;" class="">Matthew Johnson</a> who brought a lot of attention to existentials in this mailing-list and from whom most of the ideas in the proposal come from.</div></div></body></html>