<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><br class=""><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Sep 28, 2016, at 9:48 PM, Russ Bishop <<a href="mailto:xenadu@gmail.com" class="">xenadu@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><br class=""><div class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Sep 26, 2016, at 5:18 PM, Douglas Gregor via swift-evolution <<a href="mailto:swift-evolution@swift.org" class="">swift-evolution@swift.org</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=us-ascii" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><h1 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.25; padding-bottom: 0.3em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); margin-top: 0px !important;" class="">Conditional conformances</h1><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 16px; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a id="user-content-disallow-overlapping-conformances" class="anchor" href="https://github.com/DougGregor/swift-evolution/tree/conditional-conformances#disallow-overlapping-conformances" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none; float: left; padding-right: 4px; margin-left: -20px; line-height: 1;"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Disallow overlapping conformances</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">With conditional conformances, it is possible to express that a given generic type can conform to the same protocol in two different ways, depending on the capabilities of its type arguments. For example:</p><div class="">…</div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote type="cite" class=""><br class=""></blockquote><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Note that, for an arbitrary type <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">T</code>, there are four potential answers to the question of whether <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">SomeWrapper<T></code> conforms to <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">Equatable</code>:</p><ol style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><li style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">No, it does not conform because <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">T</code> is neither <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">Equatable</code> nor <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">HasIdentity</code>.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.25em;" class="">Yes, it conforms via the first extension of <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">SomeWrapper</code> because <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">T</code> conforms to <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">Equatable</code>.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.25em;" class="">Yes, it conforms via the second extension of <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">SomeWrapper</code> because <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">T</code> conforms to <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">HasIdentity</code>.</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.25em;" class="">Ambiguity, because <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">T</code> conforms to both <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">Equatable</code> and <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">HasIdentity</code>.</li></ol><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">It is due to the possibility of #4 occurring that we refer to the two conditional conformances in the example as <em style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">overlapping</em>. There are designs that would allow one to address the ambiguity</p><div class="">…</div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote type="cite" class=""><br class=""></blockquote><blockquote type="cite" class=""><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">For these reasons, this proposal </span><em class="" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box;">bans overlapping conformances</em><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""> entirely. </span><br class=""></blockquote><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">What other designs were considered and rejected? It seems like some kind of escape hatch would be preferred if you happen to get into this situation, though you make some really good points about the pitfalls.</div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>I don’t have a fully-baked alternative proposal—it would probably have to involve some kind of preference rule for picking the “best” set of (consistent!) conformances to satisfy a particular request, introduce a disambiguation syntax for cases where that preference rule does the wrong thing, and some way of teaching the dynamic-casting machinery to do the same thing.</div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><div class="">Just to clarify when you say “bans” do you mean if Wrapped: Equatable & HasIdentity then SomeWrapper is not Equatable, or do you mean you get a compile error because there are two constrained conformances SomeWrapper: Equatable? </div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>You get a compile error if there are two conformances of SomeWrapper to Equatable; it doesn’t actually matter whether they are conditional, but people are far more likely to expect to be able to having overlapping conditional conformances.</div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><div class="">What would be the problem with allowing multiple conformances to Equatable so long as the constraints are disjoint </div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>From the language perspective, “disjoint” would have to mean that there are requirements that actively conflict, e.g., one extension has “Wrapped.Element == Int” and the other has “Wrapped.Element == String”.</div><div><br class=""></div><div>There are implementation issues here deep in the type checker, e.g., because if a given type T can potential conform to a protocol P in multiple ways, it introduces a disjunction in the constraint solver that can push the constraint solver to be Even More Exponential.</div><div><br class=""></div><div>For me, there’s also the usability issue, and that’s the key argument: the *human* has to reason about these things, too, and it is a whole lot simpler if “does T conform to P?” can only be answered in one way. I don’t think the use cases for having overlapping conformances justify such a drastic increase in complexity across the feature.</div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><div class="">or the concrete type only adopts one of the available protocols?</div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>Unless you assume that you have a fully-determined, closed system where you know about every potential conformance of a concrete type, this isn’t a question that can be answered at compile time.</div></div><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><h3 style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 24px; margin-bottom: 16px; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><a id="user-content-implied-conditional-conformances" class="anchor" href="https://github.com/DougGregor/swift-evolution/tree/conditional-conformances#implied-conditional-conformances" aria-hidden="true" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; -webkit-text-decoration-skip: objects; color: rgb(64, 120, 192); text-decoration: none; float: left; padding-right: 4px; margin-left: -20px; line-height: 1;"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Implied conditional conformances</h3><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Stating conformance to a protocol implicitly states conformances to any of the protocols that it inherits. This is the case in Swift today, although most developers likely don't realize the rules it follows. For example:</p><div class="highlight highlight-source-swift" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.45; word-wrap: normal; padding: 16px; overflow: auto; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; word-break: normal;" class=""><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">protocol</span> P { }
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">protocol</span> Q <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">:</span> P { }
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">protocol</span> R <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">:</span> P { }
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">struct</span> X1 { }
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">struct</span> X2 { }
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">struct</span> X3 { }
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">extension</span> X1: Q { } <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);">// implies conformance to P</span>
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">extension</span> X2: Q { } <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);">// would imply conformance to P, but...</span>
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">extension</span> X2: P { } <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);">// explicitly-stated conformance to P "wins"</span>
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">extension</span> X3: Q { } <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);">// implies conformance to P</span>
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">extension</span> X3: R { } <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);">// also implies conformance to P</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);">// one will "win"; which is unspecified</span></pre></div></div></blockquote><div class="">On X2 you’re declaring a redundant conformance to P but any protocol extensions will prefer Q and the compiler won’t let you redefine any members so you’ll have an incomplete conformance. Any explicit conformances (on the type or in extensions) are preferred over the defaults from the protocol extension, but that’s not new. I must be missing something, how would this be visible in Swift 3?</div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div><br class=""></div><div>X2 states that it conforms to Q. That implies that it also conforms to P, because of course you can’t have a Q that isn’t a P.</div><div><br class=""></div><div>Because X2 explicitly states that it conforms to P, the implication of P via Q doesn’t actually realize an actual conformance to P, because that conformance would be redundant. The rule is, basically, that an explicitly-stated conformance to a protocol suppresses any implied conformances to that protocol.</div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><div class="">On X3, multiple implementations in protocol extensions are errors today and the resolution is to provide an explicit implementation on X3.</div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>Not true! The code above is well-formed in Swift 3. Each extension of X3 above implies a conformance to P; it simply does not matter which extension actually realizes the conformance to P so long as only one of them does.</div><div><br class=""></div><div>You could actually see which one it chooses by putting these into separate files—in the same module—and looking at the generated SIL.</div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">With conditional conformances, the question of which extension "wins" the implied conformance begins to matter, because the extensions might have different constraints on them. For example:</p><div class="highlight highlight-source-swift" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.45; word-wrap: normal; padding: 16px; overflow: auto; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; word-break: normal;" class=""><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">struct</span> X4<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);"><</span>T<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">></span> { }
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">extension</span> X4: Q <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">where</span> T: Q { } <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);">// implies conformance to P</span>
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">extension</span> X4: R <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">where</span> T: R { } <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);">// error: implies overlapping conformance to P</span></pre></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Both of these constrained extensions imply a conformance to <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">P</code>, but the actual <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">P</code> implied conformances to <code style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; padding: 0.2em 0px; margin: 0px; background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0392157); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;" class="">P</code> are overlapping and, therefore, result in an error.</p></div></div></blockquote><div class="">If the related P conformance were inherited from conformance to Q or R then the rules would (IMHO) make more sense. Wouldn’t the extra rule you need simply be that either Q or R must provide a complete conformance to P (no mix-n-match)? </div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>A conformance to P introduced by the first extension would not be usable by the second extension, because the conformance to P introduced by the first extension might depend on details of “T: Q”… and the second extension can’t assume that “T: Q”.</div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">If T implements Q & P why not just ignore T: P which means the X4: R extension is no longer relevant. </div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>Implementing Q implies implementing P.</div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">It seems like the tricky case is T: P and the same question applies - why not just ignore the extensions (X4<T> in that scenario doesn’t implement Q, R, or P). </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Not allowing ambiguity seems like it solves the “which one” problem and requiring an extension to provide the entire implementation (no mix-n-match) cuts down on the cleverness problem.</div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div><br class=""></div><div>For reference, there was an early point in Swift 3.0 where I had added an error when it wasn’t clear which extension should realize a conformance to a protocol that was implied by multiple extensions (i.e., exactly the case of X3 that we discussed above), thinking that it would clear up the ambiguity and make code more obvious. Developers *hated* this error, because it doesn’t matter to the semantics of the program nor to their mental models, so I took it out.</div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">However, in cases where there is a reasonable ordering between the two constrained extensions (i.e., one is more specialized than the other), the less specialized constrained extension should "win" the implied conformance. Continuing the example from above:</p><div class="highlight highlight-source-swift" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><pre style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 13.600000381469727px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: 1.45; word-wrap: normal; padding: 16px; overflow: auto; background-color: rgb(247, 247, 247); border-top-left-radius: 3px; border-top-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-right-radius: 3px; border-bottom-left-radius: 3px; word-break: normal;" class=""><span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">protocol</span> S: R { }
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">struct</span> X5<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);"><</span>T<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">></span> { }
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">extension</span> X5: R <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">where</span> T: R { } <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);">// "wins" implied conformance to P, because</span>
<span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">extension</span> X5: S <span class="pl-k" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(167, 29, 93);">where</span> T: S { } <span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);">// the extension where "T: S" is more specialized</span>
<span class="pl-c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(150, 152, 150);">// than the one where "T: R"</span></pre></div><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class="">Thus, the rule for placing implied conformances is to pick the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">least specialized</em> extension that implies the conformance. If there is more than one such extension, then either:</p><ol style="box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 16px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol'; font-size: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" class=""><li style="box-sizing: border-box;" class="">All such extensions are not constrained extensions (i.e., they have no requirements beyond what the type requires), in which case Swift can continue to choose arbitrarily among the extensions, or</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0.25em;" class="">All such extensions are constrained extensions, in which case the program is ill-formed due to the ambiguity. The developer can explicitly specify conformance to the protocol to disambiguate. </li></ol></div></div></blockquote><div class="">What is the rationale for picking the least specialized extension? That’s not what I would naively expect to happen. If T: R & S then I would expect the more specialized S:R implementation to be preferred, and the explicit R implementation to kick in when T: R. </div></div></div></div></div></blockquote><br class=""></div><div>We have to pick the least-specialized extension, because it’s the only one that works. If you pick a more-specialized extension to realize the implied conformance to P, the less-specialized extension doesn’t have a conformance to P that it can rely on.</div><div><br class=""></div><div>I’ll see about clarifying the proposal here, because the choice of (unique) least-specialized isn’t arbitrary: it’s the only answer that provides a correct result without introducing overlapping conformances.</div><div><br class=""></div><div><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>- Doug</div><div><br class=""></div><br class=""></body></html>