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.error { color:#AA0000; }</style></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;"><div class="bloop_markdown"><p>Fixed PR: <a href="https://github.com/apple/swift-evolution/pull/468">https://github.com/apple/swift-evolution/pull/468</a></p>
<p></p></div><div class="bloop_original_html"><style>body{font-family:Helvetica,Arial;font-size:13px}</style><div id="bloop_customfont" style="font-family:Helvetica,Arial;font-size:13px; color: rgba(0,0,0,1.0); margin: 0px; line-height: auto;"><br></div> <br> <div id="bloop_sign_1469480883144754944" class="bloop_sign"><div style="font-family:helvetica,arial;font-size:13px">-- <br>Adrian Zubarev<br>Sent with Airmail</div></div> <br><p class="airmail_on">Am 25. Juli 2016 um 21:35:22, Adrian Zubarev (<a href="mailto:adrian.zubarev@devandartist.com">adrian.zubarev@devandartist.com</a>) schrieb:</p> <blockquote type="cite" class="clean_bq"><span><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;"><div></div><div>
<title></title>
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<p>We’ve submitted a PR. <a href="https://github.com/apple/swift-evolution/pull/466">https://github.com/apple/swift-evolution/pull/466</a></p>
<p>The proposal was refactored completely.</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>
<p>This proposal removes <code>.Type</code> and
<code>.Protocol</code> in favor of two generic-style syntaxes and
aligns global <code>type(of:)</code> function (SE–0096) to match
the changes.</p>
<p>Swift-evolution threads:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://lists.swift.org/pipermail/swift-evolution/Week-of-Mon-20160718/025115.html">
[Revision] [Pitch] Rename <code>T.Type</code></a></li>
<li><a href="">[Review] SE–0126: Refactor Metatypes, repurpose
T[dot]self and Mirror</a></li>
<li><a href="https://lists.swift.org/pipermail/swift-evolution/Week-of-Mon-20160718/024772.html">
[Proposal] Refactor Metatypes, repurpose T[dot]self and
Mirror</a></li>
<li><a href="https://lists.swift.org/pipermail/swift-evolution/Week-of-Mon-20160704/023818.html">
[Discussion] Seal <code>T.Type</code> into
<code>Type<T></code></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="motivation">Motivation</h2>
<p>Every type <code>T</code> has an instance, accessible through
<code>T.self</code>, which represents the type itself. Like all
instances in Swift, this “type instance” itself has a type, which
is referred to as its “metatype”. The metatype of <code>T</code> is
written <code>T.Type</code>. The instance members of the metatype
are the same as the static or class members of the type.</p>
<p>Metatypes have subtype relationships which reflect the types
they represent. For instance, given these types:</p>
<pre><code class="swift">protocol Proto {}
class Base {}
class Derived: Base, Proto {}
</code></pre>
<p><code>Derived.Type</code> is a subtype of both
<code>Base.Type</code> and <code>Proto.Type</code> (and
<code>Any.Type</code>). That means that <code>Derived.self</code>
can be used anywhere a <code>Derived.Type</code>,
<code>Base.Type</code>, <code>Proto.Type</code>, or
<code>Any.Type</code> is called for.</p>
<p>Unfortunately, this simple picture is complicated by protocols.
<code>Proto.self</code> is actually of type
<code>Proto.Protocol</code>, not type <code>Proto.Type</code>. This
is necessary because the protocol does not, and cannot, conform to
itself; it requires conforming types to provide static members, but
it doesn’t actually provide those members itself.
<code>Proto.Type</code> still exists, but it is the supertype of
all types conforming to the protocol.</p>
<p>Making this worse, a generic type always uses
<code>T.Type</code> to refer to the type of <code>T.self</code>. So
when <code>Proto</code> is bound to a generic parameter
<code>P</code>, <code>P.Type</code> is the same as
<code>Proto.Protocol</code>.</p>
<p>This shifting of types is complicated and confusing; we seek to
clean up this area.</p>
<p>We also believe that, in the long term, the dot syntax will
prevent us from implementing certain future enhancements that might
be valuable:</p>
<ul>
<li>Moving the implementation of metatypes at least partly into the
standard library.</li>
<li>Adding members available on all type instances for features
like read-write reflection or memory layout information.</li>
<li>Conforming metatypes to protocols like <code>Hashable</code> or
<code>CustomStringConvertible</code>.</li>
<li>Offering straightforward syntaxes for dynamic features like
looking up types by name.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="proposedsolution">Proposed solution</h2>
<p>We abolish <code>.Type</code> and <code>.Protocol</code> in
favor of two generic-style syntaxes:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>Type<T></code> is the concrete type of
<code>T.self</code>. A <code>Type<T></code> can only ever
accept that one specific type, not any of its subtypes. If
<code>T</code> is a protocol <code>P</code>, than the only
supertype for <code>Type<P></code> is
<code>Subtype<Any></code>. To be crystal clear here,
<code>Type<P></code> is not a subtype of
<code>Subtype<P></code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>Subtype<T></code> is the supertype of all
<code>Type</code>s whose instances are subtypes of <code>T</code>.
If <code>T</code> is a class, <code>Subtype<T></code> would
accept a <code>Type</code> for any of its subclasses. If
<code>T</code> is a protocol, <code>Subtype<T></code> would
accept a <code>Type</code> for any conforming concrete type.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>In this new notation, some of our existing standard library
functions would have signatures like:</p>
<pre><code class="swift">func unsafeBitCast<T, U>(_: T, to type: Type<U>) -> U
func sizeof<T>(_: Type<T>) -> Int
func ==(t0: Subtype<Any>?, t1: Subtype<Any>?) -> Bool
func type<T>(of: T) -> Subtype<T> // SE-0096
</code></pre>
<p>That last example, <code>type(of:)</code>, is rather
interesting, because it is actually a magic syntax rather than a
function. We propose to align this syntax with <code>Type</code>
and <code>Subtype</code> by renaming it to
<code>Subtype(of:)</code>. We believe this is clearer about both
the type and meaning of the operation.</p>
<pre><code class="swift">let instance: NSObject = NSString()
let class: Subtype<NSObject> = Subtype(of: instance)
print(class) // => NSString
</code></pre>
<details>
<summary><strong>Example: visual metatype
relationship</strong></summary>
<p>Types:</p>
<pre><code class="swift">protocol P { static func foo() }
protocol R : P { static func boo() }
class A : P { static func foo() { ... } }
class B : A, R { static func boo() { ... } }
</code></pre>
<p><code>Subtype</code> relationship (not a valid Swift code):</p>
<pre><code class="swift">Subtype<Any> {
var self: Self { get }
}
Subtype<P> : Subtype<Any> {
func foo()
}
Subtype<R> : Subtype<P> {
func boo()
}
Subtype<A> : Subtype<P> { }
Subtype<B> : Subtype<A>, Subtype<R> { }
</code></pre>
<p><code>Type</code> relationship (not a valid Swift code):</p>
<pre><code class="swift">// `Type` of a protocol is blind
Type<P> : Subtype<Any> { }
// `Type` of a protocol is blind
Type<R> : Subtype<Any> { }
Type<A> : Subtype<A> { }
Type<B> : Subtype<B> { }
</code></pre>
<p>Example:</p>
<pre><code class="swift">let a1: Type<A> = A.self // Okay
let p1: Type<P> = P.self // Okay
let p2: Type<P> = C.self // Error -- `C` is not the same as `P`
let any_1: Subtype<Any> = A.self // Okay
let any_2: Subtype<Any> = P.self // Okay
let a_1: Subtype<A> = A.self // Okay
let p_1: Subtype<P> = A.self // Okay
let p_2: Subtype<P> = P.self // Error -- `Type<P>` is not a subtype of `Subtype<P>`
</code></pre></details>
<details>
<summary><strong>Example: generic functions</strong></summary>
<pre><code class="swift">func dynamic<T>(type: Subtype<Any>, is _: Type<T>) -> Bool {
return type is Subtype<T>
}
func dynamic<T>(type: Subtype<Any>, as _: Type<T>) -> Subtype<T>? {
return type as? Subtype<T>
}
protocol Proto {}
struct Struct: Proto {}
let s1: Type<Struct> = Struct.self
dynamic(type: s1, is: Proto.self) //=> true
dynamic(type: s1, as: Proto.self) //=> an `Optional<Subtype<Proto>>`
</code></pre></details>
<h2 id="futuredirections">Future Directions</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>We could allow extensions on <code>Type</code> and perhaps on
<code>Subtype</code> to add members or conform them to protocols.
This could allow us to remove some standard library hacks, like the
non-<code>Equatable</code>-related <code>==</code> operators for
types.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>It may be possible to implement parts of <code>Type</code> as a
fairly ordinary final class, moving code from the runtime into the
standard library.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>We could offer a <code>Subtype(ofType: Type<T>, named:
String)</code> pseudo-initializer which would allow type-safe
access to classes by name.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>We could offer other reflection and dynamic features on
<code>Type</code> and <code>Subtype</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>We could move the <code>MemoryLayout</code> members into
<code>Type</code> (presumably prefixed), removing the rather
artificial <code>MemoryLayout</code> enum.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Along with other generics enhancements, there may be a use for a
<code>Subprotocol<T></code> syntax for any protocol requiring
conformance to protocol <code>T</code>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="impactonexistingcode">Impact on existing code</h2>
<p>This is a source-breaking change that can be automated by a
migrator.</p>
<p>We suggest the following migration process; this can differ from
the final migration process implemented by the core team if this
proposal will be accepted:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>Any.Type</code> is migrated to
<code>Subtype<Any></code>.</li>
<li>If <code>T.Type</code> is in function parameter, where
<code>T</code> is a generic type parameter, then it’s migrated to
<code>Type<T></code>.</li>
<li>Every <code>T.Protocol</code> will be replaced with
<code>Type<T></code>.</li>
<li>Every <code>T.Type</code> in a dynamic cast will be replaced
with <code>Subtype<T></code>.</li>
<li>If static members are called on a metatype instance, then this
instance is migrated to <code>Subtype<T></code>.</li>
<li>Return types of functions are migrated to
<code>Subtype<T></code>.</li>
<li>Variable declarations is migrated to
<code>Subtype<T></code>.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="alternativesconsidered">Alternatives considered</h2>
<p>Other names for <code>Type</code> and <code>Subtype</code> were
considered:</p>
<ul>
<li>Type: SpecificType, Metatype or ExactType.</li>
<li>Subtype: Supertype, Base, BaseType, ExistentialType or
TypeProtocol.</li>
</ul>
<p>Alternatively the pseudo initializer <code>Subtype(of:)</code>
could remain as a global function:</p>
<pre><code class="swift">public func subtype<T>(of instance: T) -> Subtype<T>
</code></pre></div>
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<br></div>
<br>
<div id="bloop_sign_1469475221643683840" class="bloop_sign">
<div style="font-family:helvetica,arial;font-size:13px">
-- <br>
Adrian Zubarev<br>
Sent with Airmail</div>
</div>
</div>
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