<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><br class=""><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Dec 9, 2015, at 12:04 AM, John McCall via swift-evolution <<a href="mailto:swift-evolution@swift.org" class="">swift-evolution@swift.org</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Dec 8, 2015, at 11:47 PM, Simon Pilkington via swift-evolution <<a href="mailto:swift-evolution@swift.org" class="">swift-evolution@swift.org</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><div class="" style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;"><div class="">Hi,</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Is providing Covariance and Contravariance[1] of generics going to be part of the work on generics for Swift 3? I am sure this topic has come up within the core team and I was wondering what their opinion on the topic was.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I can see this as beneficial as it would allow the compiler - in conjunction with type inference - to retain more type information and hence allow code be more type safe. For example -</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"><span class="" style="color: rgb(187, 44, 162);">class</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>ConcreteClass<GenType : GenericType> {</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font color="#bb2ca2" class="">...</font></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo; min-height: 13px;"> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="" style="color: rgb(187, 44, 162);">func</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>getFunction() -><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="" style="color: rgb(112, 61, 170);">GenType</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>{</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font color="#bb2ca2" class="">...</font></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"> }</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo; min-height: 13px;"> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="" style="color: rgb(187, 44, 162);">func</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>putFunction(input:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="" style="color: rgb(112, 61, 170);">GenType</span>) -><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="" style="color: rgb(112, 61, 170);">Bool</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>{</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="" style="color: rgb(187, 44, 162);">return</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>...</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"> }</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo; min-height: 13px;"> <br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;">}</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo; min-height: 13px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"><span class="" style="color: rgb(187, 44, 162);">protocol</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>GenericType {</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font color="#bb2ca2" class="">...</font></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;">}</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo; min-height: 13px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"><span class="" style="color: rgb(187, 44, 162);">class</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>GenericType1 :<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="" style="color: rgb(79, 129, 135);">GenericType</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>{</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font color="#bb2ca2" class="">...</font></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;">}</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo; min-height: 13px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"><span class="" style="color: rgb(187, 44, 162);">class</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>GenericType2 :<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="" style="color: rgb(79, 129, 135);">GenericType</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>{</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font color="#bb2ca2" class="">...</font></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;">}</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo; min-height: 13px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo; color: rgb(79, 129, 135);"><span class="" style="color: rgb(187, 44, 162);">let</span><span class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>array = [</span>ConcreteClass<span class=""><</span>GenericType2<span class="">>(...</span><span class="">),<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span>ConcreteClass<span class=""><</span>GenericType1<span class="">>(...</span><span class="">)]</span></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo; min-height: 13px;"><br class=""></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"><span class="" style="color: rgb(79, 129, 135);">let x : </span>GenericType = <span class="" style="color: rgb(79, 129, 135);">array</span>[<span class="" style="color: rgb(39, 42, 216);">0</span>].getFunction() // this would compile as array would be of type ConcreteClass<types that extend GenericType></div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"> // currently array is of type AnyObject so this line doesn’t compile</div><div class="" style="margin: 0px; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; font-family: Menlo;"><span class="" style="color: rgb(79, 129, 135);">array</span>[<span class="" style="color: rgb(39, 42, 216);">0</span>].putFunction(…) // this would still not compile as it would break type guarantees</div></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">As a downside I can see it as making generics more complex and difficult to understand. On balance I think probably the benefit in improved type safety is worth it but I was interested in what others thought.</div></div></div></blockquote><div class=""><br class=""></div></div><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">One challenge here is that subtyping in Swift doesn’t mean equivalence of representation. For example, Int is a subtype of Int?, but the later requires extra space to store in memory. So while it would make sense to allow, say, [Int] to be a subtype of [Int?], the actual conversion at runtime wouldn’t be trivial — we’d either need to eagerly apply the element-wise transform, or Array would need some ability to apply it lazily. Both come with fairly serious performance costs.</span></div></blockquote><br class=""></div><div>Another thing that makes covariance in Swift interesting compared to other OO languages is value semantics. Mutation operations on value types like Array and Dictionary can be safely covariant, whereas this is unsafe in Java or C#. This is great for expressivity, but it means that a generalized covariance proposal needs to do some legwork to decide what operations exactly can be safely covariant, and how far the compiler can verify that. I haven't thought extensively about this, but it seems potentially complex.</div><div><br class=""></div><div>-Joe</div><br class=""></body></html>